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J Biosci Bioeng 105:409413
In 2021, Sitohang et al., in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, evaluated a combination antioxidant formula containing glutathione for 12 weeks on UV-induced pigmentation in women 3065 years of age in Indonesia [76]
The findings were disappointing: Only one study showed significant lightening, and that was limited to sun-exposed areas like the face and forearms One study found that 37.5% of subjects experienced temporary improvements, but within six months after stopping treatment, only 6.2% maintained lighter skin The effects were inconsistent across different body parts and age groups Researchers concluded that glutathione is not effective enough as a skin-whitening agent because effects were limited and unsustainable What Is Vitamin C and How Does It Brighten Skin
These observations were corroborated by single-cell calcium imaging studies in slices of arcuate nuclei, demonstrating that GLP-1MK-801 inhibits the NMDA-induced intracellular calcium surge relative to GLP-1 alone (Extended Data Fig
